# DataGenX

My e-Notes about DataScience, Machine Learning, Python, Data Analytics, DataStage, DWH and ETL Concepts

## Tuesday, 21 March 2017

Summary statistics  are numbers that summarize properties of the data. i.e - Mean, Spread, tendency etc. We will see each one by one.

Let's take a input dataset -

Input: 45, 67, 23, 12, 9, 43, 12, 17, 91
Sorted: 9, 12, 12, 17, 23, 43, 45, 67, 91

Frequency: The frequency of an attribute value is the percentage of time the value occurs in the data set.
In our dataset, Frequency of 12 is 2.

Mode: The mode of a an attribute is the most frequent attribute value

Mode for our dataset is 2 as 12 is the most frequent item which occurs 2 time

Things to remember:
i- There is no mode if all the values are same
ii - Same is applicable if all values occurrence is 1

Usually, Mode and Frequency are used for categorical data

Percentiles: This used for continuous data.
Given an ordinal or continuous attribute x and a number p between 0 and 100, the pth percentile
is a value xp of x such that p% of the observed values of x are less than xp.

How to calculate the Percentile:
1. Count the total item in dataset = N
2. Multiply the percentile p with total no of items = N*p
3. This will give you a no which can be a float or integer
4. If it is a float, round off it to nearest integer, named pth no
i. Sort the data into increasing order
ii. Now, pth no in this dataset is your percentile value
5. If it is an integer no
i. Sort the data into increasing order
ii. Now, average of pth no and (p+1)th no in this dataset is your percentile value

So when we say, 20% means -

No of items in dataset = 9
No of items which should be less than xp. - 9*20% = 1.8
Round off this to nearest integer - 2
Our dataset is already sorted in increasing order, so check the 2nd value - 12

likewise, 25%, 50% and 75% is - 9*25%, 9*50%, 9*75% = 2.25th, 4.5th, 6.75th
2th, 5th, 7th - 12, 23, 45

This is one way to calculate the percentile, If you use calculator or some other method, it might be slightly different.

Mean or Average:  Sum(all items) / Total no of element

Mean -  (9+12+12+17+23+43+45+67+91)/9 = 34.4

However, the mean is very sensitive to outliers. So to understand the data tendency, we go for median rather than means.

Median: Median is 50 percentile, or middle value

How to get Median/Middle value - a. Sort the data into increasing orderb. Get total no of elements - N     if N is even -  median =   ( N/2th element + [N/2 + 1]th element) / 2     if N is odd - median = ceil(N/2)th element

For our case, N = 9, which is odd, so ceil(9/2) = ceil(4.5) = 5th element
Median = 23

Range:  Difference between Max and Min is called range.

Input dataset range - 91-9 = 82

Variance: The variance or standard deviation is the most common measure of the spread of a set of points.

variance(x) = \sigma^2 = \frac{1}{n-1}\Sigma_{i=1}^n(x_i-\bar{x})^2

where \bar{x} is Mean of all value of x
m = total no of items in dataset
\sigma is standard deviation

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